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خفان
Al-Imām Ibn Qudāmah (may Allah have mercy upon him) writes: “It is permissible to wipe over the khuffān, what resembles them from the jawārib if they are
thick and hide the foot, and boots that cover the ankles for minor purification.”
[1] DEFINITION OF خف:
-khuff - leather sock). Imām ash( ُخف khuffān / khuffain - dual for khuff) is the dual for( ُخ َّفين / ُخ ّفان ّ
Shaukānī (may Allah have mercy upon him) explains in his famous commentary, Nail al-Auṭār: “The خف is a leather sock which covers the ankle-bones.” [2]
This is in accordance with what has been mentioned in classical Arabic dictionaries. Two of the best- known and well-respected classical Arabic dictionaries, Tahdhīb al-Lughah and al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ,
describe the خف as: “That which is made from thin leather to be worn over the foot.” [3]
RULINGS & THEIR دليل:
Wipingovertheخفانisجأيِز(jā’iz-permissible,allowed)accordingtotheإجماعoftheعلماء. ImāmIbnal- Mubārak (may Allah have mercy upon him) said:
“There is no disagreement that wiping over the خف is جأيز.” [4] Imām an-Nawawī (may Allah have mercy upon him) states in his famous explanation of صحيح Muslim:
“All those who qualify for إجماع agree that it is allowed to wipe over the خف.” [5]
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
The دليل of the إجماع relies upon the fact that this practice has been reported by أحاديث which are متواتِر َُ
(mutawātir - a حديث which is narrated by a large number of narrators at all stages of the chain/sequence of transmission which is recurrent/unbroken/uninterrupted, numerous, and continuous). Imām Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (may Allah have mercy upon him) stated that 70 of the صحابة (may Allah be pleased with them all) narrated to him that رسول Allah (may the salutations and peace of Allah be upon him) wiped over the خفان. Imām Ibn Ḥajar (may Allah have mercy upon him) reports that some of the Aḥnāf even go as far as to say that those who deny wiping over the خف are feared to be unbelievers. [6]
This statement is supported by what the great scholar of Islām, Imām Abū Ḥanīfah (may Allah have mercy upon him) mentions in his book outlying the Islāmic ʿAqīdah, Fiqh al-Akbar:
“The wiping over the خفان is سنة.” [7] ================================================== ==============
جوربان
DEFINITION OF جورب: jaurab - sock). Shaikh( جورب jaurabān / jaurabain - dual for jaurab) is the dual for( جوربين / جوربان
:جورب
“The meaning of خف is that which is worn on the foot being made of leather and that which is like it. The meaning of جورب is that which is worn on the foot being made of cotton and that which is like it; it is what is referred to commonly as shurrāb.” [8]
The famous linguist Abū Bakr ibn al-ʿArabī (may Allah have mercy upon him) said: "means a thin cover for the feet made of wool, worn to keep the feet warm جورب“
RULINGS & THEIR دليل: Regarding the permissibility of wiping over the جوربان, this is an issue that mandates some discussion.
It would seem that all of the علماء permitted wiping over the جوربان, however they disagreed in regards to the conditions. These conditions will be discussed later, as the opinions of all the four well-known :in regards to the permissibility are now mentioned علماء and other مذاهب
ََ َََ ََ Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿUthaimīn (may Allah have mercy upon him) explains the meanings of both خف and
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
The Ḥanafī Opinion: According to all the classic works of فقه of the Aḥnāf, wiping over the جوربان is جأيز.
Imām al-Kasānī (may Allah have mercy upon him) states that wiping over the جوربان is not جأيز according to Imām Abū Ḥanīfah (may Allah have mercy upon him); while it is جأيز according to Imām Abū Yūsuf and Imām Muḥammad ash-Shaibānī (may Allah have mercy upon them both). Later he mentions that it is narrated that Imām Abū Ḥanīfah (may Allah have mercy upon him) changed his opinion during his last days and allowed wiping over the جوربان. [9]
This is in-fact a strong narration as it was recorded by Imām at-Tirmidhī (may Allah have mercy upon him), who said:
“I heard Ṣāliḥ ibn Muḥammad (may Allah have mercy upon him) say that he heard from Abū
Muqattil as-Samarqandī (may Allah have mercy upon him), who said that he visited Abū Ḥanīfah
(may Allah have mercy upon him) while he was in the illness from which he died. He called for
water to be brought; he made وضوء while he was wearing جوربان, and he wiped over them. He
said: “I have done today something that I forbid before. I wiped over the جوربان and they do not have leather soles.””
This is further clarified by the Ḥanafī عالم, Ibn ʿĀbidīn (may Allah have mercy upon him):
“It is related concerning him, Abū Ḥanīfah (may Allah have mercy upon him), that he returned to their position (meaning the position of his students Abū Yūsuf and Muḥammad ash-Shaibānī (may Allah have mercy upon them both)), and the fatwā is upon this.” [10]
Hence allowing one to wipe over the جوربان was the final opinion of Imām Abū Ḥanīfah (may Allah have mercy upon him) as well as the opinion of both of his major students. According to the Ḥanafī muftī Ibn ʿĀbidīn (may Allah have mercy upon him), this is the معتمد opinion of the Ḥanafī مذهب.
The Mālikī Opinion: According to Imām Ibn al-Qāsim’s (may Allah have mercy upon him) al-Mudauwanah, a classical work of فقه of the Mālikīyah, wiping over the جوربان is جأيز. [11]
The Shāfiʿī Opinion: According to Imām an-Nawawī’s (may Allah have mercy upon him) al-Majmūʿ, wiping
over the جوربان is جأيز and that this is the معتمد position of the Shawāfiʿ; he went as far as to say that if
the جوربان were made out of glass while it being possible to walk in them, it would be جأيز to wipe over them. [12]
The Ḥanbalī Opinion: Wiping over the جوربان is جأيز and is clearly the established, well-known, معتمد position of the حنابلة.
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
The famous Ḥanbalī jurist Imām al-Khiraqī (may Allah have mercy upon him), writes in his Mukhtaṣar: “Nothing can be wiped over except the خف and what serves the same purpose: like the maqṭūʿān (short leather socks) that come above the ankles and likewise the جوربان that are thick and do not fall down when they are walked in.” [13]
Imām Bahā’ ad-Dīn al-Maqdisī (may Allah have mercy upon him) explains that it is not necessary that they be made of leather. He quotes Imām Aḥmad (may Allah have mercy upon him) to have said:
“Wiping over the جوربان is related from seven or eight of the صحابة (may Allah be pleased with them all) of رسول Allah (may the salutations and peace of Allah be upon him).” [14]
Hence we see the إجماع of all four of the well-known مذاهب on this issue. As for the دليل, there is the حديث: Al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the نبي (may the salutations and peace of Allah be upon him): “made وضوء and wiped over his جوربان and naʿlain (sandals).” [15]
Imām at-Tirmidhī (may Allah have mercy upon him) said in regards to this حديث:
“It is حسن صحيح, and this is the position of more than one of the people of knowledge; and it is
adopted by Sufyān ath-Thaurī, Ibn al-Mubārak, ash-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad, and Isḥāq (may Allah have
mercy upon all of them), who all said: “One may wipe over the جوربان even if not wearing sandals, provided they are thick.”
Other Mauqūf أحاديث reporting wiping over the جوربان are narrated from the following list of صحابة (may Allah be pleased with them all):
(1) ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (2) Ibn Masʿūd (3) al-Barā’ ibn ʿĀzib
(4) Anas ibn Mālik (5) Abū Umāmah (6) Sahl ibn Saʿd
(7) ʿAmr ibn Ḥuraith (8) ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (9) Ibn ʿAbbās
Imām ash-Shaukānī (may Allah have mercy upon him) has related these in Nail al-Auṭār. [16] Imām Ibn Saiyid an-Nās (may Allah have mercy upon him) continues the list in his Sharḥ al-Tirmidhi:
(10) ʿAbd Allah (ʿAbdullāh) ibn ʿUmar
(11) Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ
(12) Abū Masʿūd al-Badrī (13) ʿUqbah ibn ʿUmar
Yaḥyā al-Bakkā’ (may Allah have mercy upon him) narrates that he heard Ibn ʿUmar (may Allah be pleased
with him) saying: “Wiping over the جوربان is like wiping over the خفان.” [17]
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
Ibn Ḥazm (may Allah have mercy upon him) said: “Wiping over anything that is worn on the feet - of things that are جأيز to be worn and which come up above the ankles – is سنة; whether they are خفان made of leather, felt, or wood; or if they are made of linen, wool, cotton, camel hair, or goat hair - whether leather is worn over them or جوربان not, or whether they are overshoes or slippers worn over slippers or socks worn over socks.” [18]
Ibn al-Mundhir (may Allah have mercy upon him) made a very valuable point when he said: “Wiping over the جوربان is narrated from nine different صحابة (may Allah be pleased with them all),
and there was none known to oppose them.”
CONDITIONS: Now that it has been made abundantly clear that wiping over the جوربان is جأيز, an outline of the conditions and criteria of what constitutes a جورب is appropriate:
The Aḥnāf stipulate the following conditions for the جورب: [19] (
1) they should be طاهر and lawful
(2) they must be worn in a state of وضوء (3) they should cover both ankles entirely
(4) they should be durable enough that a person can walk wearing them for three miles without them being torn
(5) they should be independently free from holes to the extent of three small toes (6) they should remain on the leg without it being tied or fastened (7) they should be such that water is not able to seep through them
Having stated those conditions as the well known position of the Ḥanafī مذهب, it is noteworthy to mention that many well-respected علماء within the Ḥanafī مذهب disagreed with these conditions due to the lack of دليل to support them. Amongst these علماء is the great Ḥanafī jurist, Imām al-Aṣr Muḥammad
Anwar Shāh al-Kashmīrī (may Allah have mercy upon him). The Aḥnāf called him the Imām of his era and
he is frequently quoted in most of the major books of the Aḥnāf after his time. Imām al-Kashmīrī (may
have mercy upon him) was of the opinion that the specification of 3 miles should not be set within Allah
the conditions. He held the opinion that a person should be able to continuously walk without the sock slipping-off, without specifying a distance. [20]
الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
The Shawāfiʿ stipulate the following conditions for the جورب: (1) they should be طاهر and lawful
(2) they must be worn in a state of وضوء
(3) they should cover both ankles entirely (4) they should be durable enough that a person can walk wearing them (5) they should be independently free from holes (6) the socks should remain on the leg (7) they should be such that water is not able to seep through them
However, some of the Shāfiʿī علماء disagreed with their مذهب and allowed wiping over the جوربان without conditions. Such علماء were of the likes of Imām Yūsuf ibn Ḥusain al-Karkhī (may Allah have mercy upon
him). Well-known and reputable علماء of the Shāfiʿī مذهب such as Imām Abū Isḥāq ash-Shirāzī, Imām al- Ghazālī, and Imām an-Nawawī all indicate that there is disagreement regarding the condition of the ]21[ .مذهب being waterproof within the Shāfiʿī جوربان
The حنابلة stipulate the following conditions for the جورب: (1) they should be طاهر and lawful
(2) they must be worn in a state of وضوء
(3) they should cover both ankles entirely (4) they should be durable enough that a person can walk wearing them (5) the socks should remain on the leg (6) they should be free from major holes that would expose the skin
Al-Imām Ibn Qudāmah (may Allah have mercy upon him) writes in his masterpiece on Fiqh, al-Mughnī:
“It is only جأيز to wipe over the جوربان if two conditions are met: the first is that they are thick to the point that nothing of the foot is visible; the second is that it is possible to walk in them for some length. This is the clear meaning of al-Khiraqī’s words.” [22]
Imām Aḥmad (may Allah have mercy upon him) said regarding wiping over the جوربان without sandals: “If he walks on them and they remain upon his feet, then there is nothing wrong with doing so.”
On another occasion, he said: “He can wipe over them if they remain firm upon his heels.”
Yet another time he said: “If he can walk in them without their falling down, then there is nothing wrong with his wiping over them. This is because if they fall down, the part (of the foot) that needs to be washed in
”.becomes exposed وضوء
العدة شرح العمدة
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
Imām Abū al-Faraj ʿAbd Ar-Raḥmān (ʿAbdurRaḥmān) ibn Qudāmah (may Allah have mercy upon him)
writes in ash-Sharḥ al-Kabīr: “A جورب is equivalent to the خف, because it is something worn that covers the area that needs to be washed and is something that can be walked in for some length. As for those who argue that it is not possible to walk at length while wearing a جورب, we say it is only جأيز to wipe over them if they hold their place on their own and it is possible to walk in them at length; otherwise it is not. As for the sheer socks, they do not provide cover.” [23]
Imām at-Taghlabī (may Allah have mercy upon him) writes in his well-known book of Ḥanbalī فقه, which is a commentary of Dalīl aṭ-Ṭālib, that the material does not need to be waterproof.
Hence those علماء who have claimed إجماع that one of the conditions of the جوربان is that it needs to be
waterproof are in plain error. Nor is there إجماع that one must walk in them 3 miles, since the حنابلة
and others did not stipulate any distance. In-fact, within the Aḥnāf and Shawāfi’ there is not an إجماع on these conditions.
Some of the حنابلة stipulated that they be free from any holes, while others like Shaikh al-Islām Ibn
Taimīyah and Ibn Qaiyim al-Jauzīyah (may Allah have mercy upon them both) disagreed and allowed
wiping over the socks with holes.
One of the more moderate fatāwā on this issue was recently given by one of the highest authorities amongst the حنابلة, al-Lajnah ad-Dā’imah. This is the senior most committee of علماء from Saʿūdīyah.
They recently issued a fatwā regarding the جورب stating: “It is جأيز to wipe over them instead of washing one’s feet when doing وضوء if they were put on when one was in a state of طهارة. (This is جأيز) Unless the holes are bigger than is ordinarily acceptable, or if the جوربان are so thin that the feet would be judged to be naked, because they show the color of the skin beneath them.” [24]
In synopsis, it seems the علماء of the four مذاهب agree upon the following conditions: (1) they should be طاهر and lawful
(2) they must be worn in a state of وضوء
(3) they should cover both ankles entirely (4) they should be durable enough that a person can walk wearing them (5) the socks should remain on the leg (6) they should be free from major holes that would expose the skin
العدة شرح العمدة الشرح الممتع على زاد المستقع
These conditions are agreed upon by the علماء of the four مذاهب, yet إجماع of the Ummah can not be claimed, since some of the علماء of Islām such as Ibn Ḥazm (may Allah have mercy upon him) and others
allowed wiping over thin socks.
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METHOD & DURATION OF WIPING
Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Fauzān (may Allah preserve him) answers this question in al-Mulakhkhaṣ al-Fiqhī:
“The way in which one wipes over them is to put one’s wet fingers on the toes then pass them over the feet to the shin. The right foot should be wiped with the right hand and the left foot with the left hand. The fingers should be spread-out when wiping and it should not be repeated.” [25]
This is clear from many أحاديث. One which is particularly important is that of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (may الله be pleased with him), who said:
“If the religion were according to opinion, then the underside of the خفان would have been wiped, but I have seen رسول Allah (may the salutations and peace of Allah be upon him) wiping over the upper part of the خف.” [26]
As for the specification of al-Imām Ibn Qudāmah (may Allah have mercy upon him) as quoted earlier in the lesson: “for minor purification;” this means that one may only wipe over the جوربان / خفان for وضوء. One may not wipe over them for غسل; and there is إجماع of the علماء of Islām on this issue.
Al-Imām Ibn Qudāmah (may Allah have mercy upon him) continues: “ . . . for one day and one night for the resident, three for the traveler. This is because of the saying of رسول Allah (may the salutations and peace of Allah be upon him):
“Wiping is جاءز for the traveler for three days and three nights; and for the resident for one day and its night.””
This is clear from the حديث: ʿAuf ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that: “رسول Allah (may the salutations and
peace of Allah be upon him) ordered the wiping of the خفان for three days and their nights for the traveler; and a day and its night for the resident.” [27]
Imām Aḥmad (may Allah have mercy upon him) recorded this حديث as strong. The علماء of Islām are in إجماع that the traveler may wipe over the خفان for three days and nights while the
resident may wipe over them for a day and night.
Masah on socks - any comprehensive article on its justification
Originally Posted by Servant.of.Allah
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