A tariqah simply is a path, a link of spiritual instruction. They were formalized later on, but they existed in a primordial form during the time of Rasoolullah

just how madrassas existed in a primordial form. Both became formalized later on. No one called it a madrassa when the sahaba

used to learn the masaail of the deen from Rasoolullah

. No one called it tasawwuf when the sahaba

would learn spiritual remedies from Rasoolullah

. So, even though these things existed, they were not called as such since they were in a formative state.
Look at it this way: in Islam, we have the concept of Ijaza to determine legitimate scholars, going back to Rasoolullah

. Rasoolullah

never gave anyone ijaza in the same manner as it is given today.
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